The history of modern Switzerland reaches back to 1271, when three cantons (Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden) formed the original Swiss Confederation. Over the following centuries this confederation grew and evolved, gaining both independence from the surrounding nations and a central constitution, as well as the famed policy of neutrality during major international crises. The Helvetic Republic, which was formed under the aegis of an invading French army in 1798, was Switzerland's first unitary government, but it excluded several regions which form the current country and was modified within several years.
This is a chronological list of the people who have ruled Switzerland; the dates given are the periods of said rule. In addition to the below, Napoleon Bonaparte claimed the title 'Mediator of the Helvetic Confederation' from 1803 until 1814.
Helvetic Republic (Presidents of the Executive Directory)
1798 Johann Lukas Legrand
1798 Urs Viktor Oberlin
1798 Pierre Maurice Glayre
1798 Frédéric-César de La Harpe
1798 Peter Ochs
1798 Frédéric-César de La Harpe (2nd time)
1798 - 1799 Urs Viktor Oberlin (2nd time)
1799 Pierre Maurice Glayre (2nd time)
1799 David Ludwig Bay
1799 Peter Ochs (2nd time)
1799 Frédéric-César La Harpe (3rd time)
1799 François Pierre Savary
1799 - 1800 Johann Rudolf Dolder
President of the Provisional Executive Power
1800 Johann Rudolf Dolder
Presidents of the Provisional Executive Commission
1800 Johann Rudolf Dolder
1800 Karl Albrecht Frisching
1800 François Pierre Savary
1800 Johann Konrad Finsler
Presidents of the Provisional Executive Council
1800 Karl Albrecht Frisching
1800 Johann Rudolf Dolder
1800 Karl Friedrich Zimmermann
1800 Johann Jakob Schmid
1801 Vinzenz Rüttimann
1801 François Pierre Savary
1801 Karl Albrecht Frisching (2nd time)
1801 Johann Rudolf Dolder (2nd time)
1801 Karl Friedrich Zimmermann (2nd time)
1801 François Pierre Savary (2nd time)
1801 Johann Jakob Schmid (2nd time)
1801 Vinzenz Rüttimann (2nd time)
1801 Paulus Usteri
1801 Johann Rudolf Dolder (3rd time)
President of the Provisional Executive
1801 Johann Rudolf Dolder
Premier Landamman
1801 - 1802 Aloys Reding von Biberegg
Landammans
1802 Aloys Reding von Biberegg
1802 Vinzenz Rüttimann (temporary)
1802 - 1803 Johann Rudolf Dolder
Heads of the Confederation
1803 Ludwig August Philipp von Affry
1804 Niklaus Rudolf von Wattenwyl
1805 Peter Josef Johann Anton von Glutz-Ruchti
1806 Andreas Merian
1807 Hans von Reinhard
1808 Vinzenz Rüttimann
1809 Ludwig August Philipp von Affry (2nd time)
1810 Niklaus Rudolf von Wattenwyl (2nd time)
1811 Heinrich Grimm von Wartenfels
1812 Peter Burckhardt
1813 Hans von Reinhard (2nd time)
Swiss Confederation (Presidents of the Diet)
1814 Hans von Reinhard
1814 Hans Konrad von Escher vom Luchs
1814 Johann Konrad Finsler (temporary)
1814 - 1815 David von Wyss II
1816 Hans von Reinhard (2nd time)
1817 Niklaus Rudolf von Wattenwyl
1818 Friedrich von Mülinen
1819 Josef Leodegar AmRhyn
1820 Vinzenz Rüttimann (2nd time)
1821 David von Wyss II (2nd time)
1822 Hans von Reinhard (3rd time)
1823 Niklaus Rudolf von Wattenwyl (2nd time)
1824 Niklaus Friedrich von Mülinen (2nd time)
1825 Josef Leodegar AmRhyn (2nd time)
1826 Vinzenz Rüttimann (3rd time)
1827 David von Wyss II (3rd time)
1828 Hans von Reinhard (4th time)
1829 Niklaus Rudolf von Wattenwyl (3rd time)
1830 Friedrich von Fischer
1831 Josef Leodegar AmRhyn (3rd time)
1832 Eduard Pfyffer von Altishoven
1833 Johann Jakob Hess
1834 Konrad Melchior Hirzel
1835 Franz Karl von Tavel
1836 Karl Friedrich Tscharner
1837 Josef Leodegar AmRhyn (4th time)
1838 Georg Jakob Kopp
1839 Johann Jakob Hess (2nd time)
1840 Johann Konrad von Muralt
1841 Johann Friedrich Neuhaus
1842 Karl Friedrich Tscharner (2nd time)
1843 Rudolf Rüttimann
1844 Konstantin Siegwart-Müller
1845 Johann Heinrich Emmanuel Mousson
1845 Jonas Furrer
1846 Johann Ulrich Zehnder
1847 Alexander Ludwig Funk
1847 Johann Ulrich Ochsenbein
1847 Johann Rudolf Schneider (temporary)
1847 - 1848 Johann Ulrich Ochsenbein (2nd time)
1848 Alexander Ludwig Funk (2nd time)
Federal Swiss Confederation (Presidents)
1848 - 1849 Jonas Furrer
1850 Charles Henri Druey
1851 Josef Munzinger
1852 Jonas Furrer (2nd time)
1853 Wilhelm Naeff
1854 Friedrich Frey Hérosé
1855 Jonas Furrer (3rd time)
1856 Jakob Stämpfli
1857 Constance Fornerod
1858 Jonas Furrer (4th time)
1859 Jakob Stämpfli (2nd time)
1860 Friedrich Frey Hérosé (2nd time)
1861 Josef Martin Knüsel
1862 Jakob Stümpfli (3rd time)
1863 Constance Fornerod (2nd time)
1864 Jakob Dubs
1865 Karl Schenk
1866 Josef Martin Knüsel (2nd time)
1867 Constance Fornerod (3rd time)
1868 Jakob Dubs (2nd time)
1869 Emil Welti
1870 Jakob Dubs (3rd time)
1871 Karl Schenk (2nd time)
1872 Emil Welti (2nd time)
1873 Paul Cérésole
1874 Karl Schenk (3rd time)
1875 Johann Jakob Scherer
1876 Emil Welti (3rd time)
1877 Joachim Heer
1878 Karl Schenk (4th time)
1879 Bernhard Hammer
1880 Emil Welti (4th time)
1881 Numa Droz
1882 Simon Bavier
1883 Louis Ruchonnet
1884 Emil Welti (5th time)
1885 Karl Schenk (5th time)
1886 Adolf Deucher
1887 Numa Droz (2nd time)
1888 Wilhelm Friedrich Hertenstein
1889 Bernhard Hammer (2nd time)
1890 Louis Ruchonnet (2nd time)
1891 Emil Welti (6th time)
1892 Walter Hauser
1893 Karl Schenk (6th time)
1894 Emil Frey
1895 Josef Zemp
1896 Adrien Lachenal
1897 Adolf Deucher (2nd time)
1898 Eugéne Ruffy
1899 Eduard Müller
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